André Maginot

André Maginot
André Maginot
Minister of War
In office 27 January 1931 – 6 January 1932
President	Gaston Doumergue Paul Doumer
Prime Minister	Pierre Laval
Preceded by	Louis Barthou
Succeeded by	André Tardieu
In office 2 March 1930 – 13 December 1930
President	Gaston Doumergue
Prime Minister	André Tardieu
Preceded by	René Besnard
Succeeded by	Louis Barthou
In office 3 November 1929 – 21 February 1930
President	Gaston Doumergue
Prime Minister	André Tardieu
Preceded by	Paul Painlevé
Succeeded by	René Besnard
Minister of the Colonies
In office 11 November 1928 – 22 October 1929
President	Gaston Doumergue
Prime Minister	Aristide Briand
Preceded by	Léon Perrier
Succeeded by	François Piétri
In office 20 March 1917 – 7 September 1917
President	Raymond Poincaré
Prime Minister	Alexandre Ribot
Preceded by	Gaston Doumergue
Succeeded by	René Besnard
Minister of War and Pensions
In office 15 February 1922 – 14 June 1924
President	Alexandre Millerand
Prime Minister	Raymond Poincaré Frédéric François-Marsal
Preceded by	Louis Barthou
Succeeded by	Charles Nollet
Minister of War Pensions and Allowances
In office 20 January 1920 – 12 January 1922
President	Raymond Poincaré Paul Deschanel Alexandre Millerand
Prime Minister	Alexandre Millerand Georges Leygues Aristide Briand
Preceded by	Léon Abrami
Succeeded by	Édouard Bovier-Lapierre
Member of the Chamber of Deputies
In office 24 April 1910 – 6 January 1932
Parliamentary group	GD (1910-1914) RGD (1914-1919 GRD (1919-1928 ADS (1928-1932)
Constituency	Meuse
Personal details
Born	17 February 1877 Paris, France
Died	7 January 1932 (aged 54) Paris, France
Nationality	France
Awards	Médaille militaire
Military service
Allegiance	France
Branch/service	French Army
Years of service	1914–1917
Rank	Sergeant
Battles/wars	World War I

André Maginot (/ˈmæʒɪnoʊ/; French: [ɑ̃dʁe maʒino]; 17 February 1877 – 7 January 1932) was a French civil servant, soldier and Member of Parliament. He is best known for his advocacy of the string of forts known as the Maginot Line.

Early life

Maginot was born and grew up in Paris but spent extended vacations in Revigny-sur-Ornain, the village of his forebears, which was in the part of Lorraine that had not in 1871 been annexed to Germany. After taking the civil service exam in 1897, Maginot began a career in the French bureaucracy that would last the rest of his life. He worked as the assistant of the Governor-General in Algeria until 1910, when he resigned and began his political career. He was elected to the French Chamber of Deputies that year and served as Under-Secretary of State for War prior to the outbreak of the First World War in 1914.

When the war began, Maginot enlisted in the army and was posted along the Lorraine front. In November 1914, Maginot, who had been promoted to sergeant for his "coolness and courage", was wounded in the leg near Verdun, and he would walk with a limp for the rest of his life. For extreme valour, he was awarded the Médaille militaire. He was also a fencer.

Development of Maginot Line

Later in the war, Maginot returned to the Chamber of Deputies and served in a number of government posts, including Minister of Overseas France (20 March 1917 – 12 September 1917, 11 November 1928 – 3 November 1929), Minister of Pensions starting in 1920 and Minister of War (1922–1924, 1929–1930, 1931–1932). He believed that the Treaty of Versailles did not provide France with sufficient security. He pushed for more funds for defence and grew more distrustful of Germany although few in France then wanted to think about the possibility of another war.

Maginot came to advocate building a series of defensive fortifications along the French border with Germany that would include a combination of field positions and permanent concrete forts. He was influenced in that decision by his observations of successful fortifications employed at Verdun during the war. He was also probably influenced by the destruction of his home in Revigny-sur-Ornain, which made him determined to prevent Lorraine from ever being invaded again.

In 1926 Maginot was successful in getting the government to allocate money to build several experimental sections of the defensive line. During a debate concerning the budget in 1926, André Maginot lobbied heavily for the money needed to construct the enormous line of fortifications. He was finally able to persuade Parliament to allocate 3.3 billion francs for the project (the upper house voted 274 to 26 in favor of the project a few days later).

Work on the project progressed rapidly. Maginot visited a work site in October 1930 and expressed satisfaction with the work. He was especially pleased with the work in Lorraine, site of the home where he spent his childhood, and fought for more funding for construction in that area. Maginot was the main proponent for the project, but most of the actual designs for the Maginot Line were the work of the Minister of War for most of 1926 to 1929, Paul Painlevé.

Death and legacy

André Maginot Memorial, Verdun battlefield, original design Gaston Brouquet, dedicated 1966.

Monument to Andre Maginot, Verdun (close up detail of statuary)

Maginot never saw the line completed, since he became ill in December 1931 and died in Paris on 7 January 1932 of typhoid fever. Many people mourned him throughout France, and it was only after his death that the line of defences that he had advocated came to bear his name.

During the Second World War, Germany bypassed the line by passing Panzers through hills and marshlands, which were impenetrable to tanks when Maginot had made his recommendations.

A monument in memory of Maginot was dedicated near Verdun in September 1966.

Quote

We could hardly dream of building a kind of Great Wall of France, which would in any case be far too costly. Instead we have foreseen powerful but flexible means of organizing defense, based on the dual principle of taking full advantage of the terrain and establishing a continuous line of fire everywhere.

–10 December 1929

See also

• French Third Republic

External links

• A biography of Maginot (Archived 2009-10-25)
• Newspaper clippings about André Maginot in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW